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Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with “normativity”, that means we must obey it. While legal guidelines are positive “is” statements (e.g. the nice for reversing on a freeway is €500); law tells us what we “should” do. Thus, each authorized system may be hypothesised to have a basic norm instructing us to obey. Kelsen’s main opponent, Carl Schmitt, rejected both positivism and the concept of the rule of law as a outcome of he did not settle for the primacy of summary normative rules over concrete political positions and selections. Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception , which denied that legal norms might encompass the entire political expertise. Definitions of law typically raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality. John Austin’s utilitarian reply was that law is “commands, backed by risk of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom individuals have a behavior of obedience”.